Members of the Supreme Court upheld regulations passed by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives on ghost guns, marking a loss to advocates for the right to bear arms.

Justice Clarence Thomas and Justice Samuel Alito were the lone dissenters, while the other seven Justices upheld the rules. Justice Neil Gorsuch wrote the opinion for the majority, asserting that the federal government can require ghost gun makers to provide serial numbers.

Gorsuch said that “perhaps a half hour of work is required before anyone can fire a shot,” while the kits come sold with all of the “necessary components” to construct a homemade firearm.

Thomas meanwhile wrote in his dissent that the federal law in question does not authorize the government to regulate “the unfinished frames and receivers contained in weapon-parts kits.”

“Congress could have authorized ATF to regulate any part of a firearm or any object readily convertible into one,” Thomas wrote in his dissent. “But it did not. I would adhere to the words Congress enacted. Employing its novel ‘artifact noun’ methodology, the majority charts a different course that invites unforeseeable consequences and offers no limiting principle.”

Giffords Law Center legal director and deputy chief counsel David Pucino celebrated the decision from the majority, asserting that “ghost guns are the gun industry’s way of skirting commonsense gun laws and arming dangerous people without background checks.”

“We’ve seen how the rise in ghost guns has contributed to increases in crime and gun deaths in communities across the United States,” he added. “The Supreme Court’s ruling is a huge win.”

Firearms Policy Coalition meanwhile released a statement saying they are “disappointed with the Supreme Court’s misguided decision” but recognized that the case was “only one battle in a multi-generational war over the scope of government” and the right to keep and bear arms.