More than one million college students in the United States say they have faced backlash from administrators as a result of exercising their right to free expression, according to a new survey from the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression.

The survey from the nonprofit found that 3% of students report they have been disciplined and 6% report they have been “threatened with discipline” as a result of their “expression on campus.” Many students said that the expression occurred in meetings with professors or administrators, as well as during discussions in class or written assignments, while the students were most likely to indicate that the expression occurred in their dormitories.

“When students are as likely to be punished for their speech as they are to be left-handed, the situation on campus is clearly out of hand,” FIRE Director of Polling and Analytics Sean Stevens said in a statement about the survey. “And worse, this will have a snowball effect, because students whose peers are censored will be more likely to keep their mouths shut.”

The survey results come after the most recent rankings of campus speech environments from the nonprofit indicated that 20% of students self-censor out of fear that classmates, professors, or administrators will respond negatively. Students with conservative views were much more likely to self-censor in conversations and class discussions than those with liberal views.

Many elite universities, such as Harvard University and the University of Pennsylvania, were among the worst colleges in the nation for free expression. Schools with more dismal rankings also had students who were more likely to approve of a controversial liberal speaker than a controversial conservative speaker, as well as to approve of shouting down or using violence to stop unacceptable speech, relative to students at universities with better rankings.

Conservatives have criticized the predominantly progressive environment at elite universities for several decades. Harvard University, which is listed at the bottom slot of the free expression rankings, recently admitted roughly ten times as many freshmen who identify with the Democratic Party than freshmen who identify with the Republican Party.